The ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) algorithm was originally independently suggested by Neal Koblitz (University of Washington), and Victor S. Miller (IBM) in 1985. Although the ECC algorithm was proposed for cryptography in 1985, it has had a slow start and it took nearly twenty years, until 2004 and 2005, for the scheme to gain wide acceptance. ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) is a relatively new algorithm that creates encryption keys based on using points on a curve to define the public and private keys.
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography Key Generation Download
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography Key Generation 1
- Key Generation In Elliptic Curve Cryptography
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography Vs Rsa
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography Problems
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Key Generation Download
Public Key Cryptography. Unlike symmetric key cryptography, we do not find historical use of public-key cryptography. It is a relatively new concept. Symmetric cryptography was well suited for organizations such as governments, military, and big financial corporations were involved in the classified communication. Jun 26, 2019 Putting It All Together—The Diffie-Hellman Elliptic-Curve Key Exchange. The Diffie-Hellman exchange described in the last article showed how two users could arrive at a shared secret with modular arithmetic. With elliptic-curve cryptography, Alice and Bob can arrive at a shared secret by moving around an elliptic curve. The elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) uses elliptic curves over the finite field ?p (where p is prime and p 3) or ?2 m (where the fields size p = 2 m). This means that the field is a square matrix of size p x p and the points on the curve are limited to integer coordinates within the field only. All algebraic operations within the field. Generated elliptic curve parameters, obtaining security against cryptographic attacks aimed at other users, and eliminating the need to trust elliptic curves generated by third parties. Keywords: Elliptic curve cryptography, complex multiplication method. 1 Introduction. Deployment of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) 31, 39 is becoming more.
Key Benefits of ECC
ECC key is very helpful for the current generation as more people are moving to the Smartphone. As the utilization of Smartphone extends to grow, there is an emerging need for a more flexible encryption for business to meet with increasing security requirements.
Stronger Keys
ECC stands for Elliptic Curve Cryptography is the latest encryption method offers stronger security. If we compare to the RSA and DSA algorithms, then 256-bit ECC is equal to 3072-bit RSA key. The reason behind keeping short key is the use of less computational power, fast and secure connection, ideal for Smartphone and tablet too.
The US government and the National Security Agency have certified ECC encryption method. The mathematical problem of the ECC algorithm, It is harder to break for hackers compare to RSA and DSA, which means the ECC algorithm ensures web site and infrastructure safety than traditional methods in a more secure manner.
Shorter Key Size
The elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) certificates allow key size to remain small while providing a higher level of security. ECC certificates key creation method is entirely different from previous algorithms, while relying on the use of a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. By starting small and with a slow growth potential, ECC has longer potential lifespan. Elliptic curves are likely to be the next generation of cryptographic algorithms, and we are seeing the beginning of their use now.
Minimum size (bits) of Public Keys | Key Size Ratio | |||
Security (bits) | DSA / RSA | ECC | ECC to RSA / DSA | Valid |
80 | 1024 | 160-223 | 1:6 | Until 2010 |
112 | 2048 | 224-255 | 1:9 | Until 2030 |
128 | 3072 | 256-383 | 1:12 | Beyond 2031 |
192 | 7680 | 384-511 | 1:20 | |
256 | 15360 | 512+ | 1:30 |
If we examine the above table, there is a considerable growth in DSA and RSA key than ECC key size. A longer key requires more space, more bandwidth, and additional processor power. Even, it will take a time to generate a key, encrypt data, and decrypt the data.
Why Elliptic Curve Cryptography is Required?
Encryption experts are pressed to find ever more effective methods, measured in security and performance, because the threats presented by hackers are ever greater – partly because the hackers themselves become more sophisticated in their attacks, and also because the fallout from an attack gets ever more dangerous as our use of data grows. It creates an urgency of new algorithms with a goal to provide a higher level of security by having keys that are more difficult to break, while offering better performance across the network and while working with large data sets.
Several factors are contributing to its increasing popularity. First of all, the security of 1024-bit encryption is degrading, due to faster computing and a better understanding and analysis of encryption methods. While brute force is still unlikely to crack 1024-bit encryption, other approaches, including highly intensive parallel computing in distributed computing arrays, are resulting in more sophisticated attacks. These attacks have reduced the effectiveness of this level of security. Even 2048-bit encryption is estimated by the RSA Security to be effective only until 2030.
- Web standards: Business owner has to mull over web server standards. Many web servers running on a single domain name can handle RSA, DSA, and ECC configuration. On the other side, few web servers do not have the ability to handle multiple algorithms and can utilize a single certificate on a single web server.
- Authentication speed: RSA, DSA, and ECC have diverse velocity for verification and authentication. RSA is a rapid algorithm in terms of client authentication while ECC is faster in terms of server authentication. Signature verification is rapidly in case of RSA key comparing to ECC key. There are transaction types, the processing power of the device; storage capacity, bandwidth, and consumption of power also influence the algorithm selection.
- Customer’s identity: Many government entities have started to accept DSA and ECC. They required for government subcontracts, government branches for their internal exchange of communication.
![Cryptography Cryptography](/uploads/1/2/6/1/126169176/560455102.png)
The number of connections plays a vital role in selecting algorithm standard. ECC can handle more connections at the same time compare to RSA algorithm. An Organization has to maintain the balance between security, user experience, and IT infrastructure cost involved in network process.
Get ECC Enabled SSL
To give true benefits of enhanced security, certificate authorities have started to embed ECC and DSA algorithm in their SSL certificates. Comodo has started to provide the ECC SSL certificates with keeping the emerging demand of Smartphone and other Compaq devices.
If you are looking for ECC SSL certificate at affordable price then buy Comodo SSL certificate from us and get enhanced level security to your website. |
We are authorized reseller of Comodo that make your purchase worthful. You will get premium-class security with Comodo SSL certificates that will establish your brand reputation over the web.
Introduction
This document describes the configuration of Next Generation Encryption (NGE) from Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM) 11.0 and later to meet the enhanced security and performance requirements.
Prerequisites
Requirements
Cisco recommends that you have knowledge of these topics:
- Cisco CallManager security basics
- Cisco CallManager certificate management
Components Used
The information in this document is based on Cisco CUCM 11.0, where Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) certificates are only supported for CallManager (CallManager-ECDSA).
Note: CUCM 11.5 and later supports tomcat-ECDSA certificates as well.
The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.
Related Products
This document can also be used with these software products and versions that support ECDSA certificates:
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Key Generation 1
- Cisco Unified CM IM and Presence 11.5
- Cisco Unity Connection 11.5
Background Information
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. One of the main benefits in comparison with non-ECC cryptography is the same level of security provided by keys of smaller size.
Common Criteria (CC) provides assurance that security features operate correctly within the solution being evaluated. This is achieved through testing and meeting extensive documentation requirements.
It is accepted and supported by 26 countries worldwide via Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement (CCRA).
Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 11.0 supports Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) certificates.
These certificates are stronger than the RSA-based certificates and are required for products that have CC certifications. The US government Commercial Solutions for Classified Systems (CSfC) program requires the CC certification and so, it is included in Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 11.0 and later.
The ECDSA certificates are available along with the existing RSA certificates in these areas:
- Certificate Management
- Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF)
- Transport Layer Security (TLS) Tracing
- Secure Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Connections
- Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) Manager
- HTTP
- Entropy
The next sections provide more detailed information on each of these seven areas.
Certificate Management
Generate Certificates with Elliptical Curve Encryption
Support for ECC from CUCM 11.0 and later to generate CallManager certificate with Elliptical Curve (EC) encryption:
Legit real bitcoin private key generator app. Don’t forget to read instructions after installation.Enjoy ??MEGA BITCOIN MINER 2019 WindowsAndroidiOS LEGIT and EASY mine 10BTC NO MINER FEE updated??.All files are uploaded by users like you, we can’t guarantee that ??MEGA BITCOIN MINER 2019 WindowsAndroidiOS LEGIT and EASY mine 10BTC NO MINER FEE updated?? are up to date.We are not responsible for any illegal actions you do with theses files.
- The new option CallManager-ECDSA is available as shown in the image.
- It requires the host portion of the common name to end in –EC. This prevents having the same common name as the CallManager certificate.
- In case of Multi Server SAN certificate, this must end in –EC-ms.
- Both the self-signed certificate request and the CSR request limit the hash algorithm choices depending on the EC key size.
- For an EC 256 key size the hash algorithm can be SHA256, SHA384, or SHA512. For an EC 384 key size the hash algorithm can be SHA384 or SHA512. For an EC 521 key size the only option is SHA512.
- The default key size is 384 and default hashing algorithm is SHA384, which can be changed. The options available are based on the chosen key size.
CLI Configuration
A new certificate unit named CallManager-ECDSA has been added for the CLI commands
set cert regen [unit]
– regenerates self-signed certificateset cert import own|trust [unit]
– imports CA signed certificateset csr gen [unit]
– generates certificate signing request(CSR) for specified unitset bulk export|consolidate|import tftp
– When tftp is the unit name, CallManager-ECDSA certificates get auto-included with CallManager RSA certificates in bulk operations.
CTL and ITL Files
Key Generation In Elliptic Curve Cryptography
- Both Certificate Trust List (CTL) and Identify Trust List (ITL) files have CallManager-ECDSA present.
- The CallManager-ECDSA certificate have the Function of CCM+TFTP in both the ITL and CTL file.
- You can use the
show ctl
orshow itl
command to view this information as shown in this image: - You can use the utils ctl update command to generate the CTL file.
Certificate Authority Proxy Function
- The Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) Version 3.0 in CUCM 11 provides support for EC Key Sizes along with RSA.
- The additional CAPF options provided in addition to the existing CAPF fields are Key Order and EC Key Size (bits).
- The existing Key Size (bits) option has been changed to RSA Key Size (bits).
- The Key Order provides support for RSA Only, EC Only and EC Preferred, RSA backup options.
- The EC Key Size provides support for key sizes of 256, 384, and 521 bits.
- The RSA Key Size provides support for 512, 1024, and 2048 bits.
- When Key Order of RSA Only is selected, only RSA Key Size can be selected. When EC only is selected, only EC Key Size can be selected. When EC Preferred, RSA backup is selected, both RSA and EC Key Size can be selected.
Note: Currently no Cisco endpoint supports CAPF Version 3, so do not select the EC Only option. However, administrators who want to support ECDSA Locally Significant Certificates (LSCs) later can configure their devices with the EC Preferred RSA Backup option. When the endpoints begin to support CAPF Version 3 for ECDSA LSCs, the administrators need to reinstall their LSC.
Additional CAPF options for Phone, Phone Security Profile, End User, and Application User Pages are shown here:
Device > Phone > Related Links
Navigate to System > Security > Phone security profile
User Management > User Settings > Application User CAPF Profile
Navigate to User Management > User Settings > End User CAPF Profile.
TLS Ciphers Enterprise Parameters
- The Enterprise Parameter TLS Ciphers has been updated to support ECDSA Ciphers.
- The Enterprise Parameter TLS Ciphers now sets the TLS Ciphers for SIP Line, SIP Trunk, and Secure CTI Manager.
SIP ECDSA Support
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 11.0 includes ECDSA support for SIP lines and SIP trunk interfaces.
- The connection between Cisco Unified Communications Manager and an endpoint phone or video device is a SIP line connection whereas the connection between two Cisco Unified Communications Managers is a SIP trunk connection.
- All SIP connections support the ECDSA ciphers and use ECDSA certificates.
The Secure SIP interface was updated to support these two ciphers:
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Vs Rsa
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
These are the scenarios when SIP makes TLS connections:
- When SIP acts as a TLS serverWhen the SIP trunk interface of Cisco Unified Communications Manager acts as a TLS server for incoming secure SIP connection, the SIP trunk interface determines if the CallManager-ECDSA certificate exists on disk. If the certificate exists on the disk, the SIP trunk interface uses the CallManager-ECDSA certificate if the selected cipher suite isTLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 or TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- When SIP acts as a TLS clientWhen the SIP trunk interface acts as a TLS client, the SIP trunk interface sends a list of requested cipher suites to the server based on the TLS Ciphers field (which also includes the ECDSA ciphers option) in the CUCM Enterprise Parameters The TLS Ciphers. This configuration determines the TLS client cipher suite list and the supported cipher suites in order of preference.
Notes:
- Devices that use an ECDSA cipher to make a connection to CUCM must have the CallManager-ECDSA certificate in their Identity Trust List (ITL) file.
- The SIP trunk interface support RSA TLS cipher suites for connections from clients that do not support ECDSA cipher suites or when a TLS connection is established with an earlier version of CUCM, that do not support ECDSA.
- Devices that use an ECDSA cipher to make a connection to CUCM must have the CallManager-ECDSA certificate in their Identity Trust List (ITL) file.
- The SIP trunk interface support RSA TLS cipher suites for connections from clients that do not support ECDSA cipher suites or when a TLS connection is established with an earlier version of CUCM, that do not support ECDSA.
Secure CTI Manager ECDSA Support
The Secure CTI Manager interface was updated to support these four ciphers:
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
The Secure CTI Manager interface loads both the CallManager and CallManager-ECDSA certificate. This allows the Secure CTI Manager interface to support the new ciphers along with the existing RSA cipher.
Similar to the SIP interface, the Enterprise Parameter TLS Ciphers option in Cisco Unified Communications Manager is used to configure the TLS ciphers that are supported on the CTI Manager secure interface.
HTTPS Support for Configuration Download
- For secure configuration download (for example, Jabber clients), Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 11.0 is enhanced to support HTTPS in addition to the HTTP and TFTP interfaces that were used in the earlier releases.
- If required, both client and server use mutual authentication. However, the clients that are enrolled with ECDSA LSCs and Encrypted TFTP configurations are required to present their LSC.
- The HTTPS interface uses both the CallManager and the CallManager-ECDSA certificates as the server certificates.
Notes:
- When you update CallManager, CallManager ECDSA, or Tomcat certificates, you must deactivate and reactivate the TFTP service.
- Port 6971 is used for authentication of the CallManager and CallManager-ECDSA certificates, used by Phones.
- Port 6972 is used for the authentication of the Tomcat certificates, used by Jabber.
- When you update CallManager, CallManager ECDSA, or Tomcat certificates, you must deactivate and reactivate the TFTP service.
- Port 6971 is used for authentication of the CallManager and CallManager-ECDSA certificates, used by Phones.
- Port 6972 is used for the authentication of the Tomcat certificates, used by Jabber.
Entropy
Entropy is a measure of randomness of data and helps in determining the minimum threshold for common criteria requirements. To have strong encryption, a robust source of entropy is required. If a strong encryption algorithm, such as ECDSA, uses a weak source of entropy, the encryption can be easily broken.
In Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 11.0, the entropy source for Cisco Unified Communications Manager is improved.
![Generation Generation](/uploads/1/2/6/1/126169176/608835259.jpg)
Entropy Monitoring Daemon is a built-in feature that does not require configuration. However, you can turn it off through the Cisco Unified Communications Manager CLI.
Use these CLI commands in order to control the Entropy Monitoring Daemon service: